The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with several aspects of U.S. citizenship and the rights of citizens. Ratified on July 9, 1868, during the post-Civil War era, the 14th, along with the 13th and 15th Amendments, are collectively known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Although the 14th Amendment was intended to protect the rights of the recently freed slaves, it has continued to play a major role in constitutional politics to this day.   In response to the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, many Southern states enacted laws known as Black Codes designed to continue to deny African Americans certain rights and privileges enjoyed by white citizens. Under the states Black Codes, recently freed slaves were not allowed to travel widely, own certain types of property, or sue in court. In addition, African Americans could be jailed for not being able to repay their debts, leading to racially-discriminating labor practices like the leasing of convicts to private businesses. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Of the three Reconstruction amendments, the 14th is the most complicated and the one that has had the more unforeseen effects. Its broad goal was to reinforce the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which ensured that all persons born in the United States were citizens and were to be given full and equal benefit of all laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 protected the â€Å"civil† rights of all citizens, such as the right to sue, make contracts, and buy and sell property. However, it failed to protect â€Å"political† rights, like the right to vote and hold office, or â€Å"social† rights guaranteeing equal access to schools and other public accommodations. Congress had intentionally omitted those protections in hopes of averting the bill’s veto by President Andrew Johnson (1808–1875). When the Civil Rights Act landed on President Johnsons desk, he fulfilled his promise to veto it. Congress, in turn, overrode the veto and the measure became law. Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat and staunch supporter of states’ rights, had clashed repeatedly with the Republican-controlled Congress. Fearing President Johnson and Southern politicians would attempt to undo the protections of the Civil Rights Act, Republican congressional leaders began work on what would become the 14th Amendment. Ratification and the States After clearing Congress in June of 1866, the 14th Amendment went to the states for ratification. As a condition for readmittance to the Union, the former Confederate states were required to approve the amendment. This became a point of contention between Congress and Southern leaders. The 14th Amendment.   U.S. National Archives Connecticut was the first state to ratify the 14th Amendment on June 30, 1866. During the next two years, 28 states would ratify the amendment, although not without incident. Legislatures in Ohio and New Jersey both rescinded their states pro-amendment votes. In the South, Louisiana and North and South Carolina refused initially to ratify the amendment. Nevertheless, the 14th Amendment was declared formally ratified on July 28, 1868. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 With its passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Congress attempted to bolster the 14th Amendment. Also known as the â€Å"Enforcement Act,† the 1875 Act guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race or color, equal access to public accommodations and transportation, and made it illegal to exempt them from serving on juries. In 1883, however, the U.S. Supreme Court, in its Civil Rights Cases decisions, overturned the public accommodation sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and declared that the 14th Amendment did not give Congress the power to dictate the affairs of private businesses.   As a result of the Civil Rights Cases, while African Americans had been declared legally â€Å"free† U.S. citizens by the 14th Amendment, they continue to face discrimination in society, economics, and politics into the 21st century. Amendment Sections The 14th Amendment contains five sections, of which the first contains the most impactful provisions.   Section One guarantees all rights and privileges of citizenship to any and all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It also guarantees all Americans their constitutional rights and prohibits the states from passing laws limiting those rights. Lastly, it ensures that no citizens right to life, liberty, or property will be denied without due process of law.    Section Two specifies that the process of apportionment used to fairly distribute seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states must be based on the whole population, including freed African American slaves. Prior to this, African Americans had been under-counted when apportioning representation. The section also guaranteed the right to vote to all male citizens age 21 years or older. Section Three forbids anyone who participates or has participated in â€Å"insurrection or rebellion† against the United States from holding any elected or appointed federal office. The section was intended to prevent former Confederate military officers and politicians from holding federal offices. Section Four addresses the federal debt by confirming that the neither the United States nor any state could be forced to pay for lost slaves or debts that had been incurred by the Confederacy as a result of their participation in the Civil War.   Section Five, also known as the Enforcement Clause, grants Congress the power to pass â€Å"appropriate legislation† as necessary to enforce all of the amendments other clauses and provisions. Key Clauses The four clauses of the first section of the 14th Amendment are the most important because they have repeatedly been cited in major Supreme Court cases concerning civil rights, presidential politics and the right to privacy. The Citizenship Clause The Citizenship Clause overrules the 1875 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision that freed African American slaves were not citizens, could not become citizens, and thus could never enjoy the benefits and protections of citizenship. The Citizenship Clause states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.† This clause played an important role in two Supreme Court cases: Elk v. Wilkins (1884) which addressed citizenship rights of Native Americans, and United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) which affirmed the citizenship of U.S.-born children of legal immigrants. The Privileges and Immunities Clause The Privileges and Immunities Clause states No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.  In the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Supreme Court recognized a difference between a persons rights as a U.S. citizen and their rights under state law. The ruling held that state laws could not impede a persons federal rights. In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which overturned a Chicago ban on handguns, Justice Clarence Thomas cited this clause in his opinion supporting the ruling. The Due Process Clause The Due Process Clause says no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Although this clause was intended to apply to professional contracts and transactions, over time it has become most closely cited in right-to-privacy cases. Notable Supreme Court cases that have turned on this issue include Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which overturned a Connecticut ban on the sale of contraception; Roe v. Wade (1973), which overturned a Texas ban on abortion and lifted many restrictions on the practice nationwide; and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which held that same-sex marriages deserved federal recognition. The Equal Protection Clause The Equal Protection Clause prevents states from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.  The clause has become most closely associated with civil rights cases, particularly for African Americans. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1898) the Supreme Court ruled that Southern states could enforce racial segregation as long as separate but equal facilities existed for blacks and whites. It wouldnt be until Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that the Supreme Court would revisit this opinion, ultimately ruling that separate facilities were, in fact, unconstitutional. This key ruling opened the door for a number of significant civil rights and affirmative action court cases. Bush v. Gore (2001) also touched on the equal protection clause when a majority of justices ruled that the partial recount of presidential votes in Florida was unconstitutional because it was not being conducted the same way in all contested locations. The decision essentially decided the 2000 presidential election in George W. Bushs favor. The Lasting Legacy of the 14th Amendment Over time, numerous lawsuits have arisen that have referenced the 14th Amendment. The fact that the amendment uses the word state in the Privileges and Immunities Clause—along with interpretation of the Due Process Clause—has meant state power and federal power are both subject to the Bill of Rights. Further, the courts have interpreted the word person to include corporations. As a result, corporations are also protected by due process along with being granted equal protection. While there were other clauses in the amendment, none were as significant as these. Updated by Robert Longley   Sources and Further Reading Baer, Judith A. Equality Under the Constitution: Reclaiming the Fourteenth Amendment. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.  Lash, Kurt T. The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Nelson, William E. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988

Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal - 934 Words

Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal It’s unfortunate that people have misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a woman. Biblically, marriage is a lifetime union of a man and a woman, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environment for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) According to Peter Sprigg, same sex marriage should not be legalized because of its immediate and long-term harms that would come from legalizing it. I strongly agree with him, yes, same sex marriage should not be legalized, why should such a union be legalized when it will create more harm than good? More problems for the society than the benefits it will create? I strongly agree with Sprigg, because from the beginning of the creation of the universe, marriage was meant for one man and one woman not for one man and another man. When God created the first man, Adam he created Eve to stay by his side, to be fruitful and multiply according to Genesis 1:27. He did not create another man for Adman; this means that God never wanted same sex marriage to exist in the first place. If he would have wanted it, he would have allowed reproduction and make it more healthy and natural. Another reason why Sprigg believed gay marriage should not be legalized is that â€Å"Freedom of Conscience and ReligiousShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. Ho wever, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant

How Drug Addiction / Use / Trafficking Should Be Handled

The United States of America is formally known to be the land of the free and the home of the brave, which seems to be ironic due to the prevalent drug restrictions that have opressed demographics into anything but freedom. Throughout the late 1960s onto the late 1990s the issue of how drug addiction/use/trafficking should be handled was a very controversial subject in the United States. As the War on Drugs was introduced during the early 1970s so were the issues of mass incarceration and societal bias against minorities. Not to mention the fact that conservative powers enacted key economic and political policies that assisted to the drug crime in America. The transition from having no laws or restrictions on drugs, to creating mass amounts of restrictions created many sociological issues which targeted African Americans, and the systematic obstacles that are still prevalent up to date. The United States government’s racially biased War on Drugs campaign incarcerated mass amou nts of African Americans as a method of suppression, which directly caused a continuous cycle of poverty and incarceration. The government s racially biased methods of incarcerating mass amounts of African Americans, directly caused a continuous cycle of poverty and incarnation. At its core, the War on Drugs movement originated with the prejudiced ideals of conservative leadership in the 1970s ­ and the 1980s. The underlying ideas of the War on Drugs campaign was initiated by racially biased PresidentShow MoreRelatedDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is muchRead MoreWhat Are The Economic / Social And Political Effects Of Opium Trafficking? Afghanistan?1986 Words   |  8 Pages11/07/2014 What are the economic/social/political effects of opium trafficking in Afghanistan? http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2012/06/08/11715/the-high-costs-of-afghanistans-opium-economy/ In â€Å"The High Cost of Afghanistan’s Opium Economy† Jennifer Quigley-Jones warns her readers of the extreme dangers Afghanistan’s opium economy brings. Quigley-Jones explains that the opiate problem is only getting worse as the addiction rate has tripled over the last five years. With over seven providencesRead MoreThe Critical Criminal Justice Issues2297 Words   |  10 PagesAvailable research in the Critical criminal justice issues: Task force reports, shows that the crime associated with drugs has not diminished despite increasingly punitive local, State, and Federal Government interventions and social control (1996). On the contrary, these social issues have shown an increase in the midst of an increasing and costly â€Å"war on drugs†. It is obvious that the current correctional system is not correcting anything. The rising number of incarcerated and recidivism does notRead MoreThe Evolution Of Treatment For Drug Abuse Essay2361 Words   |  1 0 Pages The Evolution of Treatment for Drug Abuse Since 1900 Early drug abuse treatment The use of heroin and morphine grew like wildfire after the successive extraction of morphine from the opium poppy around 200 years ago in Germany. The drug was the main painkiller and an excellent treatment for injuries. Bayer introduced heroin later 1874 and started distributing it commercially in 1898 (Courtwright Joseph, 1989). Heroin came from morphine extracts and was up to two times stronger than morphineRead MoreEssay on Medical Marijuana Policy1310 Words   |  6 PagesSubstances Act has made medical marijuana policy discretionary among the states and local governments (Smithon, 2012). Highly selective regulations have been implemented by those states that authorize marijuana for medical purposes in order to prevent trafficking or other modes of abuse. Currently there are twenty-one states that have approved this policy including Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey (Smithon, 2012). Who? Patients that are suffering from chronic illnesses can benefit from medical marijuana’sRead MoreProstitution Is A Global Phenomenon Requiring Immediate Intervention2179 Words   |  9 Pages Individuals have different perspectives on why prostitution exists. Some see prostitution as a choice and others view this social issue as involuntary; these conflicting perspectives on prostitution influence individuals’ opinion on how this issue should be handled/solved (A Personal Choice; Prostitution, 2014). The legal punishment intervention surrounds around the idea of legal consequences, such as incarceration. The rehabilitation intervention includes providing services to those involved inRead More The Prostitution Industry Essay4206 Words   |  17 Pagesform of prostitution the customer calls/contacts an agency and the act takes place at the client’s residence or hotel room. THE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON PROSTITUTION There are many views on how countries can handle prostitution. Abolition is a view that prostitution is immoral and prostitutes and their clients should be prosecuted. This view calls for the complete removal of all prostitution activity within a community, and making all associated activities illegal in the eyes of the law. RegulationRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children5936 Words   |  24 Pagesthe child rather than simple incarceration. Effects of child sexual abuse on the victim include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, other mental illnesses including borderline personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder, bulimia nervosa, and physical injury toRead MoreEssay on Profession Issues in Counselling Person Centred12506 Words   |  51 PagesBelief that perceptions are a major determinant of personal experience and behavior and, thus, to understand a person one must attempt to understand them empathically. 6. Belief that the individual person is the basic unit and that the individual should be addressed, (not groups, families, organizations, etc.), in situations intended to foster growth. 7. Belief in the concept of the whole person. 8. Belief that persons are realizing and protecting themselves as best they can at any given time and

The Far-Reaching Effects of The Industrial Revolution Essay

During the period from the early 18th century to the mid 19th century people experienced many changes that had an impact on their lives such as technical advance, development of transport, trade, better organization of output or new financial structures. All these achievements happened spontaneously and were not planned. Economy was in process of rapid change and it gave many opportunities for people to gain wealth as well as social advancement. Almost every aspect of people’s lives was influenced in some way. This essay would like to argue that there were many innovations during this era; however, the biggest changes that people went through were industrialization and trade. Industrialization stalled the manual labour and set off the†¦show more content†¦Workers had to obtain new skills, attitudes and work discipline. No wonder that many workers disagreed and resisted either actively or passively. Those who were willing to adapt new system were forced to leave their domestic workshop because they would have had a little chance to compete against new factories. It was a change for entrepreneurs as well. They worked out the problems related to management, financing or accounting. If managers wanted to be successful they had to change the organization of work and control their employees. Before, work morale or fixed working hours were not common. Workers used to drink 3 days a week.Work was often inefficient, protracted and changes were necessary. Thanks to English pottery master Josiah Wedgewood, the most important innovations occurred during this era in the labour market. It was subdivision of tasks, training of new workers and work discipline. Let’s look at subdivision of work first. One worker no longer made the whole product by himself. Work was simplified to a single process and became a dull routine. Same mechanical process was incessantly repeated over and over again. Labour was prolonged and exhausting even though machines did mo st of the hard work. At the end, the product was made faster, quality of work was quite often better and it reduced the cost of production. Working conditions had changed as well. Employees were paid for hours spent in the work, not by theShow MoreRelatedAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? Analyze, compare, and contrast. The American Revolution officially beganRead MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels974 Words   |  4 PagesPerhaps no document has had such far reaching effect as Karl Marx’s, Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto, hereafter referred to as the CM, was published in London, 1848 and served as the culmination of the collaboration between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The CM was to serve as the basis for the communist platform, a political system which, in Marx’s and Engel’s view, served as the final destination in the natural progression of society. Marx attributed this progression to the idea thatRead MoreAssess the Impact of the Industrial Revolution in England on the Atlantic World1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution according to Neil Tonge in his historical account ‘challenging history- industrialization and society 1700 – 1914,’ can be classified as a change in industrial technology, organization of labourers, transpor t, and finance and business operation. In ‘A history of the western society, fourth edition,’ referred to it as the total change from agrarian society to a mechanized or complex society. The impact of the revolution on England and the entire Atlantic world was immenseRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Has Caused The Current Situation Of Deteriorating Climatic Conditions1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe industrial revolution has caused the current situation of deteriorating climatic conditions in the globe. It is a topic that has received varied opinions some supporting and some going against it. Even though, scientists have tried their best to illustrate the fact. The scientists have kept track of the changes in the levels of greenhouse gasses, and they have demonstrated that the levels keep rising every day. Human action is the core cause of these changes. The impact of these greenhouse gassesRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagessocial changes th at were felt during this period of time included changes to class structure, the working class, family dynamics, women’s role, and even the lower to middle class. On the topic of social changes, he says that, â€Å"the industrial revolution had far reaching social consequences, which varied across class and regions. Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, new family and class structures emerged to adjust to the new wage economy and production shifted out of the house to largeRead MoreThe Effect of the Industrial Revolution on Pollution Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth and the eighteenth centuries brought about much of the base of today’s pollutants. A series of technological advances in machinery, such as the steam engine, along with a preponderance of other goods shifting from homes and small factories to large industrial settings brought about more and more pollution. The creation of more productive processing us ed to manufacture cotton textiles increased the number of mills located in England and eventually movedRead MoreCold Weather As We Know It1102 Words   |  5 Pagesblack gold, but in the scientific community is far from gold, it’s a treat to our very existent but yet we consume it every day. From filling up our cars, or even a bottle of water is made out of oil. Oil was locked under the earth crust for thousands years ago. As the industrial revolution took full affect, we demanded more of the substance, and release a deadly chemical called carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which then heats up the planet. These effect can cause heat weave killing hundred of peoplesRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent, yet important revolutions that have taken place in the past four centuries. These drastic and radical changes have been brought about by revolutionaries who desired a free society in which free trade, free markets, and free labor existed for the common man. These revolutions imply sudden forceful change, however, there is also evolutionary changes in society that are gradual and develop over time, which bring about many positive advancements. The French Revolution enhanced a new order ofRead MoreThe First Era Of Industrialization1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthere was a new factory built, a new machine created, a new industry expanded. The effect of industrialization was so massive that even songs were written about this period. One song depicted a man who could â€Å"hatch eggs by thousands; all by steam†.[1] With more factories and more efficient means of production, more commodities became available to the public for consumption. The first era of the industrial revolution drastically changed the way America functions as a consumer society. The second periodRead MoreCoffee s Effect On The Global Balance Of Power1292 Words   |  6 Pages16. Describe coffee’s effect on the global balance of power (in terms of commerce). Coffee has not only impacted the world socially, but it provides financial means for many countries who export their coffee beans. Just like any alcohol, coffee was a major economic item and it helped the economy grow in many different places. 17. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution? Before coffee there were two choices for hydration - water or alcoholic beverage. The water was not purified

Body language Essay Example For Students

Body language Essay Nora: flesh-coloured. Arent they beautiful? Nara: (look sat him for a moment) shame on you (flicks him on the ear with the stocking) (pg66-67) Nora is excited and cheerful most of the time so her body language is also quite childish just like her, she is always jumping clapping or fiddling. Nora:(walks around the room) She also acts like a creature to please Helmer, she acts like a skylark and squirrel as she keeps humming and parcels. Nora: yes,(starts humming again as she goes over to him) pg24 Nora:(hums and smiles, quietly, cheerfully. ) Hmm pg26 Noras actions are governed by her relationship to Helmer. She will do any thing to avoid trouble, sulk, and lie, act childishly or use her feminine allure to gain what she wants. She cannot understand that the word outside her house is often ruthless and that does not submit to tears, Nora: thatd be filthy trick! (almost in tears). pg. 49. Where as with Mrs Linde she talks like a spoilt little child who is trying to show off her imaginary happiness but then again she has a change of tone in act 3 when she confesses to Mrs Linde that she borrowed the money from Krogstad. With Krogstad her tone never seems to change however in act2 at first she him not to mention a word to any one but then she plays with him trying to say that he will be responsible for her actions. Nora just like a desperate child with no one to trust so she talks to herself. There are seven monologues present in the play however they where also a way that Ibsen used to show the audience Noras feelings and thoughts, each of Noras speech is lively and excitable but on Act3, when Nora decides to leave Helmer her speech retain its form. Characteristic of accumulative phases are no longer exclaims or use of childish expression such as pooh or oh yes Helmer please, please(pg26). She uses simple declarative sentences and assertions, Nora: thats just the point you have never understood me. A great wrong has been done to me, Torvald. First by papa and then by you (pg97) Mrs Linde speaks freely and directly however her words often sound cold and empty. She speaks directly to the point, she uses ready-made phases but with more direct and obvious meaning than Rank. Her speeches reveals a collected resolved mind, certain of its own opinions. She uses simple declaratives sentences, sometimes stringing several remarks together with conjunctions such as but and and. When she speaks of her personal life her sureness falters and she speaks in broken phases. Mrs Linde fells superior to Nora as she had more experience and responsibilities. On the contrary to Mrs Linde Dr Rank who is both physically and morally tainted. He speaks indirectly and uses figures of speech. His speech contain figures from financial and moral realms of experience: Rank: well there we have it, its that attitude thats turning human society into a hospital His feelings of loneliness parallel those of Mrs Linde and contrast with the out warmly comfortable Helmer family. He does not express his felling though his body language all he seems to do is sit as he has the illness. Although he is in love with Nora, he never seems to show it or express it though his body language (there is never a scene where it says, he touches her or looks deep into Noras eye) Rank shows no sign of love. At the begging he gives the expression that he sees Nora as a daughter. Adolf Eichmann EssayEveryone knows a Mike you know a person who can walk into a partyand with in 20 mins or less can be on intimate terms with one of thegirls and he seems to have no trouble at all. How does this Mike persondo it? What is about him that attracts all these females? Well the answeris a lot more simpler than youd expect. Mike has a unconsciouscommand for body language and he uses it expertly in some strangeway Mike is saying Im available, Im masculine. Im aggressive andknowledgeable. Then he fines or sees a girl he feels attracted too, hezeros on them and sends the message Im interested, in you. Youattract me. Theres something about you that captivates me and I wantto know what it is. How does he signal all this just with his body? Is itin the way Mike looks? Maybe in the way Mike walks? Talks? Moves?Dresses? or maybe he has captured some type of Aura that he haslearned to contains or has? The truth is that Mike has learned to walkwith a certain grace and move in a ar rogant cocky Im a guy and Ill getyou type of walk and movement its quite beautiful the way this guydoes it and its funny. Its the type of grace that arouses a mans envyand a womens interests. Then after he has captured their interests thenext step begins and oh it gets better!He stolls over to lean against something and then his Posture andstance adds to the easy confidence of his movement. He finally leansagainst something and then he stands there finding and checking out thewomen in the room all the while doing something while he stands there. In some type of primitive way he sends out dozens of little gestures in aunconscious way. They scream sex and he stands their in a way thatdoes the screaming. He may stand with his hips thrusted outward andhis legs slightly apart he looks like a guy out of a old western movie. Heis saying Im looking for a women anyone interest give me a signal. Thesignal is the eyes and the way they are sitting. He needs to catch thegirls eye, and if that eye exchange is made then he knows that they areinterested. He makes eye contact and holds it just a little longer than heshould. He doesnt allow her eyes to slide away and then he makes hisway over to her. This is the best part of what the book calls a psychological game. He sits down next to the girl. He needs to breakdown her defensive barrier so he notices certain things in order to dothis such as, are her arms crossed, this is a sign of protective measures,how is her posture, and other personal things that he has mastered theability to read. Th is guy Mike had an extremely high success rate atgetting any girl and he used body language to read and to communicateto each and every one of them. The women that are interested let Mikeknow and then he goes over to where they are sitting. He makes smalltalk and then he begins the next step to his pick-up he begins to flatterthem with his un divided attention something that maybe they need intheir lives and then he sits a little closer than whats comfortable but,not too much to really discomfort them and he usually gets the girl. Weall know a Mike and now I have a better understanding of how Mikeworks. The next section of this book that Id like to discuss is over the useand abuse of body language. Sometimes people who know how toexpress themselves in body language begin to overuse its powerfulmeans of communication. You need to be made aware that your bodydont know how to lie. Unconsciously, it telegraphs your thoughts asyou fold your arms, cross your legs, stand, slouch, walk, tone of voice,eyes and the way you move them and hold them, and even the way youhold your mouth in certain positions. There are thousands of gesturesyou can make and use to over use or even abuse these signals to getanything you could want or need from people. You can incorporate yourknowledge of manipulation and your body to make a pretty powerfulcombination of power over another individual. There are very few people who have gain such a know how as thatIve described above but, those who can definitely have a unique powerand should be careful not to abuse or over use this power. There were quite a lot of interesting chapters in the book and lotsof interesting stories that explained the interesting details in this bookagain Id like to recommend this book to anyone in need of a book thatwill take you into an amazing world of semi-sub-unconsciously sentmessages. Body Language. an intrepid journey into a little-known world. It is full of unexpected revelations and gems of insight David Reuben, MD.

Childhood Studies Child Development

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Studiesfor Child Development. Answer: Introduction Archives are materials found in libraries or preserved content talking about different themes in the ancient times. There are different archives talking about the theme of childhood and the society that can significantly be used to compare with the childhood and society in the current age. The contemporary images of children that have been on advertisements and in televisions and films have been on the concepts of childhood in ways suggesting the specific relationships in the past. This paper highlights on two archives that reflect on the theme of Childhood and Society, reflecting upon the same theme in the current day. Understanding Childhood: an Introduction to Some Key Themes and Issues According to the article, Major historical studies have been a good source of the concepts regarding kids and childhood in the ancient times and in the current age. Most of the cases regarding the contemporary research on childhood are associated historical perspectives that has been elucidating and informing the present (Andersen, Taylor Logio, 2014). There issues of the western anxieties regarding kids in the current media time that can be explored by the resource history. The historical techniques from the archives are a reflection that childhood was re-conceptualized in the in the periods between the 19th century and the in the start of the WW1 (Mayne Howitt, 2015). Children are always a sign of innocence, purity and natural goodness that needs that is usually corrupted following the contact with the outside world. In another view, children are placed close to God following their spirituality that also places them closer to nature and all good things. Studies have been proclaim ing the need to protect children and their purity respected so they can be able to express themselves freely and creatively (Alsaud, 2015). The ideas about the children in England by the William Wordsworth have been to the notion that the child is the source of man. Major historical researchers have also been out suggesting that the childhood provides different sites for thinking about the self and locating the selfhood which is a means of developing and nurturing human inner parts (Murphy, 2013). Is Modern Society Ruining Childhood? According to the article, if a carefree childhood is considered a goal, then the western will be considered a failure and many people have suggested that the media is not assisting. The article notes that according to a trio of surveys, kids are more worried about the modern issues and they fear things that were never in any contextual youngsters vocabularies many years ago (Robert, 2009). The many incidences that children go through in the harsh reality of life shape their lives in ways that might interfere with their potential successful adulthood. Children have been exposed to various cruelties of the world including the early work and hardship, dangerous scenes of shooting on the streets and the cruelty of other natures. However, there have been various initiatives that have been dedicated to take the lives of the children from the streets and from the cruel realities of the world, nurture these youngsters and give them better adulthood. Various children centers and childrens hom es have been established to salvage the kids from the deadly exposures of the world and from the cruel scenarios on the streets (Hartas, 2011). The article mentions that the well-being of the children should be of top concern of a society and a god measure is in the question how safe do children feel and how happy and fulfilled do they feel? The article mentions that it is a surprise that many children in the current world are worried about their parents divorcing, a thing that was never in the past childhood. The latter has been considered to display the fact that the children today are the most affected victims in the difficulties in marriages today (Gutman, 2008). Link Between the Articles Both articles bring up the picture demonstrating the concerns with poor living and ill health that has been producing critical transitions in the financial and sentimental value of the kids (Desai, 2010). Within a short period, the position of the stable children has shifted from the one that supplements the wages of the families to that of the relatively passive member of the family in the economic terms that needed to be secured from the adult world suppressed by work and hardship (Bukatko Daehler, 2012). According to a contemporary US-based study elaborating the latter theme, it indicates that the contribution of the children to the families in the western contexts has been rendered economically worthless and also seen as emotionally priceless. A study by Zeliterz (1985) suggested that the value of children is hosted ion the abilities to construct meaning and fulfilling the life of their parents. According to the archives, bringing the nature of specialty in the context of children comes along with the need for cultural products and practices that have been setting apart from the adults. However, the literature on children has been rendered an unreliable source of the understanding of childhood. The literature on children has been creating a version of childhood that can be defined and fought over (Tomlinson, 2013). Most of the earliest books for the children were meant for the middle class and carried strong dyadic purposes that gave children the moral and religious education. In the recent ages, the writers on various articles on children have been supportive of the children creating alliances with children against the adults. The potency of the literature regarding the lies in the residual image of the childhood left behind, the decent world presumed to be safe and a wonderful world of actions (Herna?ndez-Campoy Conde-Silvestre, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the contemporary images of children that have been on advertisements and in televisions and films have been on the concepts of childhood in ways suggesting the specific relationships in the past. It is never too late give assist and to salvage the youngsters the opportunity of a better childhood and brighter future. It agreeable with the studies proclaiming the need to protect children and their purity respected so they can be able to express themselves freely and creatively. Many studies have also proven the fact that many agencies have been established to secure better adulthoods for children. References Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F., Logio, K. A. (2014). Sociology: The essentials. Austria: wadsworth Alsaud, FF 2015, 'Children's Rights: Syrian Refugee Camps...Childhood Underfire [article]', Journal Of Politics And Law, 3, p. 228, HeinOnline, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2017. Bukatko, D., Daehler, M. W. (2012). Child development: A thematic approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Desai, M 2010, A Rights-Based Preventative Approach For Psychosocial Well-Being In Childhood, Dordrecht: Springer, Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2017. Gutman, M. (2008). Designing modern childhoods: History, space, and the material culture of children. New Brunswick, N.J. [u.a.: Rutgers Univ. Press. Herna?ndez-Campoy, J. M., Conde-Silvestre, J. C. (2012). The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Hartas, D 2011, The Right To Childhoods : Critical Perspectives On Rights, Difference And Knowledge In A Transient World, New York, New York: Continuum, Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2017. Murphy, A. J. (2013). Kids and kingdom: The precarious presence of children in the Synoptic Gospels. Mayne, F, Howitt, C 2015, 'How far have we come in respecting young children in our research? A meta-analysis of reported early childhood research practice from 2009 to 2012', Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood, 4, p. 30, Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2017. Tomlinson, P, Welch, S, Jones, P, Moss, D 2013, Childhood : Services And Provision For Children, London: Routledge, Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 April 2017.